Under a Equinus one understands an either congenital or acquired in the course of life malposition in the foot, in which the heel is raised, which results in problems in the gait and on the skeleton.
What is an equinus?
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At the Equinus the heel is raised so that only the ball of the foot touches the ground when walking. The equinus is in a permanent flexion position, which cannot be corrected passively.
The equinus is also known as pes equinus (horse's foot), as almost all quadrupeds appear with the ball of the foot or toe area. In humans, however, the equinus is not physiological, as the body weight only rests on the forefoot and so a stable stance cannot be guaranteed.
In addition, there is uncertainty in the aisle due to the non-existing rolling process.
causes
The causes for one Equinus can be very different. First of all, one can distinguish between congenital and acquired equinus.
In the congenital equinus, for example, there is an underdevelopment of the lower leg or a poor posture in the womb. In this case, the equinus is also referred to as a club foot. However, the equinus usually only develops after birth, for example due to polio, a disorder of the nervous system, after an ankle injury (which has led to a shortened Achilles tendon) or due to mechanical causes such as long bed rest.
Most of the time, however, the nerve function is impaired, so that the calf muscles are shortened or the nerves are paralyzed. Habitual equinus foot occurs when children walk on their toes too often when they are learning to walk.
Symptoms, ailments & signs
The high position of the heel can usually be seen with the naked eye. Affected children walk mostly or entirely on tiptoe and cannot roll the foot from the heel. The calf muscles may appear noticeably shortened and it is not possible to press your heel on the floor while standing.
The equinus is often seen in bedridden people. Just by the pressure of the duvet on the toes and forefoot, the foot is brought more and more into flexion. After a while, those affected can no longer actively bring their foot into a 90 ° angle to the lower leg. The calf muscles and the Achilles tendon are noticeably shortened.
The symptoms are mainly evident when walking and standing. Depending on the severity of the equinus foot, those affected only walk tiptoe or can no longer walk due to the malformation.
Calluses on the ball of the foot are also a clear sign of equinus, as the entire body weight rests on this small area. If the equinus foot has been around for a long time, the changed gait can lead to a curvature in the spine.
Diagnosis & course
The diagnosis falls in one Equinus not very difficult, as the misalignment is very noticeable even for a layperson. The gait is also examined by the doctor during the examination, as is the passive movement of the foot.
In order to find the exact cause, however, diagnostic tools such as x-rays, electromyography or muscle biopsies (removal of tissue) are required. Not only the foot, but also the other joints of the lower extremity and the spine are examined to determine the effects of an equinus foot.
The course of the equinus depends on the cause, for example the habitual equinus still has a good prognosis in childhood, it often regresses itself as it grows. In other equinus species, however, the course is somewhat more extensive and longer; usually it cannot be completely regressed.The result is problems in the knees, pelvis and spine.
Complications
The changed gait pattern in equinus foot can lead to further misalignments. In the long term, this can lead to joint wear, arthritic diseases and other complications of the bones and joints. Often the unusual gait results in visible calluses on the feet. These are usually associated with severe pain and a feeling of pressure and can rarely develop into abscesses or serious inflammation.
In the long term, the high stress on the knee joint causes arthritic joint changes. In children, the spine may curve in the lumbar region and the hips may shift. This creates a functional poor posture. This is often accompanied by chronic pain. In the long term, these stress the person affected psychologically and can trigger depression, for example.
Surgery can be associated with nerve damage, bleeding, and inflammation. After the operation, there may be wound healing disorders, secondary bleeding and excessive scarring. The use of painkillers can cause side effects, interactions and allergic reactions in some people affected. If used incorrectly, orthopedic aids can also cause complications, which in many cases exacerbate the underlying condition.
When should you go to the doctor?
A doctor should be consulted as soon as there are irregularities in locomotion. If it can be observed in children or adults that people only walk on tiptoe, clarification of the cause is advisable. Normally, the foot is put down with the heel while moving and then the foot is rolled over the heel to the toes. This is a natural movement. If there is a different sequence of walking or running, this should be discussed with a doctor. Permanent impairments of the skeletal system can arise which should be prevented.
If muscle complaints, pain or misalignments occur, an examination and a treatment plan should be drawn up. If the spine is curved or the gait pattern has changed altogether, the person concerned needs medical help. If locomotion is difficult, if it costs the person concerned a lot of strength or if fatigue occurs quickly, the observations should be discussed with a doctor.
If sporting activities cannot be carried out as usual due to the symptoms, a doctor's visit is necessary. A decrease in physical resilience or psychological problems are also reasons for which cause research should be carried out. If there are joint problems, swelling of the feet or an uncomfortable feeling of pressure on the calves, action must be taken.
Treatment & Therapy
Treatment for one Equinus also depends on the cause and especially the severity. If there is no shortening of the calf muscles, simple but consistent active movements can reduce the equinus.
This is done through physical therapy. Often patients are given a lower leg standing cast, which stabilizes the foot and is supposed to bring the foot back into its normal position over several weeks. Surgery is rarely performed on an equinus, only when the Achilles tendon has to be lengthened due to excessive shortening.
This operation is particularly successful in children; In adults, in the worst case, a joint stiffening of the upper ankle joint is carried out when the cartilage is already severely worn. In addition, the equinus can be treated with orthopedic shoes.
prevention
One Equinus can definitely be actively prevented. Even if you are bedridden for a long time, for example, the foot can be fixed in the normal position by sufficient positioning at the foot end.
Physiotherapy is necessary to stretch the shortened muscles, both actively and passively. Except in the case of an Achilles tendon tear, it is important that if the foot is injured, it is also fixed in the neutral position so that an equinus foot can be avoided.
After a rupture of the Achilles tendon, the right physical therapy is particularly important in order to bring the foot back into the correct position and not get a permanent equinus. Here, stretching the calf muscles is the most important component.
Aftercare
Comprehensive follow-up care by a specialist is necessary after the treatment of an equinus, especially after an operation or lengthy physiotherapy. Follow-up care includes a physical exam and a conversation with the patient. As part of the physical examination, the orthopedic surgeon checks that the foot is healing properly.
If necessary, an X-ray or another imaging procedure will be used to precisely determine the health of the affected foot. After an operation, it is important to check the surgical wounds. If necessary, the prescribed pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs must also be reset. Various drugs have to be tapered off slowly.
This should be monitored by the family doctor in order to minimize the side effects as much as possible. The equinus foot follow-up is usually carried out by the orthopedic surgeon who was already responsible for treating the malformation. If complications persist, other doctors can be involved in treatment.
If no complications or other abnormalities are noticed, the treatment is concluded. The patient should consult the orthopedic surgeon once every six months to ensure that the equinus does not return and that no other discomfort occurs. In the event of pain in the feet or other problems, the responsible doctor should be informed.
You can do that yourself
To avoid accidents or other complications, feet and movements should be exercised daily. Especially if you are bedridden, it is particularly important to tense your muscles and perform movements. Everyone can do this independently, you don't need any instructions or specifications. The joint activity must also be used daily so that impairments and disturbances can be avoided.
It is particularly important to pay attention to the requirements of the organism when moving. Avoid hectic movements. In addition, you should refrain from subjecting the body to excessive physical stress. If locomotion is impaired after illness, a fall or an accident, particular caution is advised during the healing process. Excessive demands can lead to secondary diseases.
If a physiotherapeutic treatment takes place, the techniques and training learned there can also be carried out independently outside the sessions. In addition, the right footwear should be worn. High heels are not advisable and shoes should be the size of the foot. Otherwise, the risk of accidents while moving increases. In order not to build up any additional stress on the organism, obesity should be avoided. This has a very strong effect on the feet and leads to pain. As soon as the person concerned notices problems with their locomotion, they should take breaks in good time.
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